REFINE 

Browse All : Physical of Europe

1-50 of 83
1 2  
No. 14. Europa : ubersicht des relief
Sydow, Emil von., 1812-...
No. 14. Europa : ubersi...
1940
13557.044
Related
 
Author
[Sydow, Emil von., 1812-1873, Wagner, Hermann, 1840-1929]
Full Title
Europa : übersicht des relief. Gotha : Justus Perthes. Sydow-Wagners method. Schul-Atlas. XXI.
List No
13557.044
Note
Geologic map of Europe. Relief shown by gradient tints, hachures and spot heights. Depth shown by bathymetric tints, isolines and soundings. Bonnesche projektion.
85-86. Evropa, Fizicheskaia karta
Baranov, Anatolij Nikol...
85-86. Evropa, Fiziches...
1954
13682.099
Related
 
Author
[Baranov, Anatolij Nikolaevič, Soviet Union. Glavnoe upravlenie geodezii i kartografii]
Full Title
Европа, Физическая карта = Evropa, Fizicheskaia karta. 85-86. Atlas Mira : 1954.
List No
13682.099
Note
Physical map of Europe. Relief shown by gradient tints, contours and spotlights. Depth shown by bathymetric tints, isolines and soundings.
Avrupa : 'ahwal tabia ve siyasi
Abdulqader, M.
Avrupa : 'ahwal tabia v...
1907
13530.009
Related
 
Author
Abdulqader, M.
Full Title
Avrupa : 'ahwal tabia ve siyasi = Europe : Physical and political conditions. (to accompany) Küçük Coğrafya = (School atlas of geography). ikinci kisim. Murtabi M. Abdulqader. 1325 (1907).
List No
13530.009
Note
Color political and physical map of Europe, with inset of location map. Shows political boundaries, major cities , capitals, rivers and mountains. Relief shown by hachures. Includes flags of various European counties.
Avrupa İ Osmanî = European Dominions of the Ottomans
Abdulqader, M.
Avrupa İ Osmanî = Euro...
1907
13530.011
Related
 
Author
Abdulqader, M.
Full Title
Avrupa İ Osmanî = European Dominions of the Ottomans. (to accompany) Küçük Coğrafya = (School atlas of geography). ikinci kisim. Murtabi M. Abdulqader. 1325 (1907).
List No
13530.011
Note
Color map of Ottoman Empire or Turkey in Europe. Shows political boundaries, major cities, rivers and mountains. Relief shown by hachures. Includes vignettes illustration of traditional costumes and Turkish flag.
Cover: Physisch-statistisch u. politischer Atlas von Europa.
Desjardins, Constant
Cover: Physisch-statist...
1837
0242A
Related
 
Author
Desjardins, Constant
Full Title
(Covers to) Physisch-statistisch und politischer Atlas von Europa ... in 6 Karten gross Format, schon illuminirt, mit erklarendem Text am Rand. Verfertiget zum Selbst Studium und der Jugend gewidmet von C. Desjardins ... Wien 1837. Zu haben bei dem Verfasser, Haarmarkt No. 731, und in allen soliden Kunst- und Buchhandlungen Deutschlands.
List No
0242A
Note
Not in Robinson; very early thematic atlas. Maps are a mixture of hand colored (land) and printed (water) full color. Title from cover. Covers are light yellow card board with the title printed in black ink.
Hydrographische Karte von Europa.
Desjardins, Constant
Hydrographische Karte v...
1837
0242.001
Related
 
Author
Desjardins, Constant
Full Title
Hydrographische Karte von Europa, oder darstellende Karte der beiden grossen Abdachungen, der Meer- und Flussgebiete etc., etc. der europaischen Halbinsel. Der Jugend gewidmet von C. Desjardins, Mitglied der Pariser Gesellschaften der Geographie ... Zu haben in Wien bei dem Verfasser, Bauernmarkt, Nr. 579, und in allen soliden Buch- und Kunsthandlungen (1837)
List No
0242.001
Note
Color map. Relief shown by hachures. Includes tables. Prime meridians: Ferro and Paris.
Orographische Karte von Europa.
Desjardins, Constant
Orographische Karte von...
1837
0242.002
Related
 
Author
Desjardins, Constant
Full Title
Orographische Karte von Europa, oder Beschreibung der Gebirgs-Systeme, Ketten und Landrucken, nebst der Bedeutung der vorzuglishsten Thaler, Haiden, Vorgebirge und Inseln von Europa; der Jugend gewidmet von C. Desjardins. (with) Hochste Spitzen der Haupt-Gebirgskette von Europa. Diese Karte is zu haben in Wien bei dem Herausgeber, Salvatorgasse Nr. 368, in der Kunsthandlung des H.F. Muller, Kohlmarkt, und in allen soliden Kunsthandlungen. (1837)
List No
0242.002
Note
Color map. Relief shown by hachures. Includes text. Prime meridians: Ferro and Paris.
Mountains, Table Lakes, Plains & Valleys of Europe ....
Johnston, A. Keith
Mountains, Table Lakes,...
1852
0370.013
Related
 
Author
Johnston, Alexander Keith
Full Title
The Mountains, Table Lakes, Plains & Valleys of Europe ....
List No
0370.013
Physical Europe & Asia.
Johnston, Alexander Kei...
Physical Europe & Asia.
1856
0372.002
Related
 
Author
Johnston, Alexander Keith, 1804-1871
Full Title
The physical features of Europe & Asia, showing the mountains, table-lands, plains & slopes. By A.K. Johnston, F.R.S.E. Engraved by W. & A.K. Johnston. William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh & London, (1856)
List No
0372.002
Note
Hand col. lithographed map. Relief shown by hachures. Inset maps: Rising of the island of Reguain -- Volcanic kingdom of Luzon -- Geological map of Java. Inset sections: Section of the line A.B. -- Section from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea -- Comparative view of the mean height of the continents, Comparative view of the height of the crest & of the culminating points of the great mountain chains by Baron Von Humboldt -- Section on the line C.D. -- Sections across the Himalaya. "Geology no. 2."
Physical Features of the Old Continent (Europe and Asia).
Johnston, Alexander Kei...
Physical Features of th...
1856
0372K
Related
 
Author
Johnston, Alexander Keith, 1804-1871
Full Title
The Physical Features of the Old Continent (Europe and Asia): Its Mountains, Table-Lands, Plains, and Slopes.
List No
0372K
Physical Features of the Old Continent (Europe and Asia).
Johnston, Alexander Kei...
Physical Features of th...
1856
0372L
Related
 
Author
Johnston, Alexander Keith, 1804-1871
Full Title
The Physical Features of the Old Continent (Europe and Asia): Its Mountains, Table-Lands, Plains, and Slopes. (continued)
List No
0372L
Mountains of Europe.
Johnston, Alexander Kei...
Mountains of Europe.
1854
0372.003
Related
 
Author
Johnston, Alexander Keith, 1804-1871
Full Title
The mountain systems of Europe constructed on the basis of contour lines. From the drawings of Professor Berghaus, Berlin. By A.K. Johnston, F.R.S.E. Engraved by W. & A.K. Johnston. William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh & London. 1st. Nov. 1854, (1856)
List No
0372.003
Note
Hand col. lithographed map. Relief shown by contours and hachures. 6 mountain systems outlined in color. "Geology no. 3."
On the Mountain Systems of Europe.
Johnston, Alexander Kei...
On the Mountain Systems...
1856
0372M
Related
 
Author
Johnston, Alexander Keith, 1804-1871
Full Title
On the Mountain Systems of Europe.
List No
0372M
Note
References the origins of the idea of using contours for relief depiction, proposed by Philippe Buache in 1752 for bathymetry. See Rumsey Historical Map Collection's Bauche atlas of 1770, entitiled, "Cartes et tables de la geographie physique ou naturelle", wherein bathymetric contours were used for the English Channel. Contours were apparently first used for terrestrial topography by M. Dupin Triel in 1784 on a map of France entitled, "New Method of Expressing Altitudes on Maps with a Memoir by M. Du Caila." Numerous additional references to further information on contours also provided.
Geological Map of Europe.
Murchison, Roderick Imp...
Geological Map of Europ...
1856
0372O
Related
 
Author
Murchison, Roderick Impey
Full Title
Geological Map of Europe.
List No
0372O
Geological Map of Europe. (continued)
Murchison, Roderick Imp...
Geological Map of Europ...
1856
0372P
Related
 
Author
Murchison, Roderick Impey
Full Title
Geological Map of Europe. (continued)
List No
0372P
Note
Includes descriptive index of European rocks.
Geological Map of Europe. (continued)
Murchison, Roderick Imp...
Geological Map of Europ...
1856
0372Q
Related
 
Author
Murchison, Roderick Impey
Full Title
Geological Map of Europe. (continued)
List No
0372Q
Note
Includes continuation of a descriptive index of European rocks.
Europe. (Carte Hypsometrique).
Migeon, J.; Desbuissons...
Europe. (Carte Hypsomet...
1892
0507.011
Related
 
Author
[Desbuissons, L.E., Migeon, J.]
Full Title
Europe. (Carte Hypsometrique). Grave par L. Smith. Dresse Sous La Direction De J. Migeon Par Ch. Lacoste. Migeon, editeur, imp, r. du Moulin Vert, Paris. Ecrit par A. Bizet. (1892)
List No
0507.011
Note
Full color by elevation. Relief shown by hachures. Vignette of the Cratere du Vesuve.
Legend: 11-12. Europa fisica.
Touring club italiano
Legend: 11-12. Europa f...
1929
1012AL
Related
 
Author
[Touring club italiano, Funk & Wagnalls Company.]
Full Title
(Legend) Europa fisica. (Propr. Artistico-letteraria del T.C.I. Ufficio cartografico del T.C.I. 1929)
List No
1012AL
Note
Explanation to map.
Carte physique et politique de l'Europe
Andriveau-Goujon, J.; B...
Carte physique et polit...
1829
11124.015
Related
 
Author
[Andriveau-Goujon, J., Brue, Adrien Hubert, 1786-1832]
Full Title
Carte physique et politique de l'Europe. par A. Brue, Geographe du Roi. Publiee pour la premiere fois en 1821 par J. Goujon. Revue et augmentee par l'editeur d'apres les nouveaux materiaux. Paris. Chez J.Goujon et J. Andriveau, Geographer-editeurs ... 1829. (to accompany) Atlas de choix ou Recueil de cartes de geographie ancienne et moderne.
List No
11124.015
Note
Double page outline hand color engraved map of Europe. Shows political boundaries, towns, mountains, rivers, lakes, canals, etc. Relief shown by hachures. Prime meridian is Paris. Includes descriptive note.
The communist fastness.
Harrison, Richard Edes
The communist fastness.
1950
12005.002
Related
 
Author
Harrison, Richard Edes
Full Title
The communist fastness.
List No
12005.002
Major George Fielding Eliot's Strategy Map of Europe.
Eliot, George Fielding;...
Major George Fielding E...
1940
12159.003
Related
 
Author
[Eliot, George Fielding, Harrison, Richard Edes]
Full Title
Major George Fielding Eliot's Strategy Map of Europe.
List No
12159.003
No. 28. Europa ... Uebersicht der Gebirgs - und Tieflaender.
Ewald, Ludwig 1813-1881...
No. 28. Europa ... Uebe...
1845
12189.050
Related
 
Author
[Ewald, Ludwig 1813-1881, Bauerkeller, Georg Leonhart]
Full Title
No. 28. Europa ... Uebersicht der Gebirgs - und Tieflaender.
List No
12189.050
No. 28. Europa ... Uebersicht der Gebirgs- u. Tieflaender.
Ewald, Ludwig 1813-1881...
No. 28. Europa ... Uebe...
1860
12189.117
Related
 
Author
[Ewald, Ludwig 1813-1881, Bauerkeller, Georg Leonhart]
Full Title
No. 28. Europa ... Uebersicht der Gebirgs- u. Tieflaender.
List No
12189.117
Plate 1. Physikalische Karte von Europa.
Heck, Johann Georg, -18...
Plate 1. Physikalische ...
1849
12190.241
Related
 
Author
[Heck, Johann Georg, -1857, Weber, Ph.]
Full Title
Plate 1. Physikalische Karte von Europa.
List No
12190.241
Plate 11. Europa zur Zeit Karl's des Grossen.
Heck, Johann Georg, -18...
Plate 11. Europa zur Ze...
1849
12190.250
Related
 
Author
Heck, Johann Georg, -1857
Full Title
Plate 11. Europa zur Zeit Karl's des Grossen.
List No
12190.250
Plate 12. Europa zur Zeit der Kreuzzuege.
Heck, Johann Georg, -18...
Plate 12. Europa zur Ze...
1849
12190.251
Related
 
Author
Heck, Johann Georg, -1857
Full Title
Plate 12. Europa zur Zeit der Kreuzzuege.
List No
12190.251
Plate 13. Europa vor der Franzoesischen Revolution (1789).
Heck, Johann Georg, -18...
Plate 13. Europa vor de...
1849
12190.252
Related
 
Author
Heck, Johann Georg, -1857
Full Title
Plate 13. Europa vor der Franzoesischen Revolution (1789).
List No
12190.252
Plate 14. Europa.
Heck, Johann Georg, -18...
Plate 14. Europa.
1849
12190.253
Related
 
Author
Heck, Johann Georg, -1857
Full Title
Plate 14. Europa.
List No
12190.253
Physical Map Of Europe
Woodbridge, William C.
Physical Map Of Europe
1845
1229.018
Related
 
Author
Woodbridge, William C.
Full Title
Physical Map Of Europe. Adapted To Woodbridge's Geography. Entered ... 1843, by W.C. Woodbridge ... Massachusetts. Hartford. Published By Wm. Jas. Hamersley. (to accompany) Modern Atlas, Physical, Political And Statistical; Exhibiting On Separate Maps ...
List No
1229.018
Note
Relief shown by hachures. Prime meridian is Greenwich. Covers are heavy brown paper printed with "School Atlas, To Accompany The Modern School Geography, By William C. Woodbridge ... Hartford: Published By Belknap & Hamersley. Entered ... 1843, by William C. Woodbridge ... Massachusetts. Case, Tiffany & Co. Printers, Hartford, Conn." The source of scale is the Political map of Europe.
Physical Map Of Europe
Woodbridge, William.C.
Physical Map Of Europe
1849
1231.018
Related
 
Author
Woodbridge, William C.
Full Title
Physical Map Of Europe. Adapted To Woodbridge's Geography. Entered .. . 1843, by W.C. Woodbridge ... Massachusetts. Hartford. Published By Wm. Jas. Hamersley.
List No
1231.018
Note
Map printed without color. Covers are heavy brown paper printed with "School Atlas, To Accompany The Modern School Geography, By William C. Woodbridge ... Hartford: Published By Wm. Jas. Hamersley. Entered ... 1843, by William C. Woodbridge ... Massachusetts. Case, Tiffany & Co. Printers, Hartford, Conn." Prime meridian is Greenwich. Relief shown by hachures. The source of scale is the "Political Map Of Europe."
Europe : Physique et politique
Dosseray, Ch.; Eigenbro...
Europe : Physique et po...
1823
13006.026
Related
 
Author
[Dosseray, Ch., Eigenbrodt, G.]
Full Title
L'Europe physique et politique, royaumes d'apres les derniers traites. Indiquant tous les chemins de fer ... Dressee par des officiers de l'Armee. Editeur Ch. Dosseray. Cureghem - Lez. Bruxelle. Gravee par G. Eigenbrodt. (to accompany) Atlas geographique ... 3eme partie, Geographie moderne actuelle ... 1823.
List No
13006.026
Note
Outline hand colored folded physical and political map of Europe, borders with flags and 17 portraits. Engraved by G. Eigenbrodt. Published by Ch. Dosseray. Shows political divisions, major cities, towns, rivers, roads, railroads, steamship routes, distances, etc. Includes table of main crosses of the legion of honor of the European powers.
No. 9a. Fluss - und Gebirgs - Karte von Mittel - Eueropa
Berghaus, Heinrich, 179...
No. 9a. Fluss - und Geb...
1859
13250.013
Related
 
Author
[Berghaus, Heinrich, 1797-1884, Sohr, Karl, Flemming, Carl]
Full Title
Fluss - und Gebirgs - Karte von Mittel - Eueropa. Entww. u. gez. F. Handtke. Druck u. Verlag von C. Flemming in Glogau. (to accompany) Vollstandiger Universal-Handatlas der neueren Erdbeschreibung ,,, Heinrich Berghaus ... 1859.
List No
13250.013
Note
Color physical map of rivers and mountains in Europe. Relief shown by hachures.
Physische karte von Europa
Stieler, Adolf
Physische karte von Eur...
1826
13428.007
Related
 
Author
Stieler, Adolf
Full Title
Physische karte von Europa 1826. Gestochen von Jon Carl Ausfeld Schnepfenthal bey Gotha. (to accompany) Atlas ofver alla verldens delar. Upsala, Palmblad & Co. 1825.
List No
13428.007
Note
Engraved physical map. Relief shown by hachures.
Carte physique et politique de l'Europe
Brue, Adrien Hubert, 17...
Carte physique et polit...
1821
13565.016
Related
 
Author
Brue, Adrien Hubert, 1786-1832
Full Title
Carte physique et politique de l'Europe. par A. Brue ... Paris. Chez J.Goujon et J. Andriveau, editeurs- Proprietaire ... Decembre 1821. (to accompany) Atlas physique et politique des cinq parties du monde, par H. Brue.
List No
13565.016
Note
Outline hand color political and physical map of Europe. Includes index.
Text:(Continues) قره = The Earth
Boyaciyan Agop Matbaası...
Text:(Continues) قره = ...
1908
13685.016
Related
 
Author
Boyaciyan Agop Matbaasında
Full Title
(Text Page) قره = Earth globe. جغرافیای طبیعی = Physial geography.
List No
13685.016
Note
Descriptive text on Europe and Asia, view of Everest Mountains in Asia and map mountain ranges in Europe.
Europa, Physische Ubersicht
Andree, Richard; Scobel...
Europa, Physische Ubers...
1905
1463.017
Related
 
Author
[Andree, Richard, Scobel, Albert]
Full Title
Europa, Physische Ubersicht. Juli 1905. Bearb. v. E. Ambrosius u. G. Jungk. Lithogr. v. H. Kreutziger, M. Endlich u. G. Kirchner.
List No
1463.017
Note
Full color map. Includes legend. Relief shown by gradient tints, hachures, and spot heights. Depths shown by bathymetric tints and soundings. Prime meridian is Greenwich.
Deutschland physikalisch.
Andree, Richard
Deutschland physikalisc...
1881
1494.014
Related
 
Full Title
Deutschland physikalisch. (Richard Andree. Herausgegeben von der Geographischen Anstalt von Velhagen & Klasing in Leipzig. 1881)
List No
1494.014
Note
Colored map. Relief shown by hachures, spot heights and altitude tints. Shows rivers, lakes, canals, cities, etc. "X.1880."
Eisverbreitung.
Berghaus, Hermann
Eisverbreitung.
1892
1578.005
Related
 
Author
Berghaus, Hermann
Full Title
Eisverbreitung, einst und jetzt. Polar Ansicht der Erde in Lambert's flachenrechter Azimuthal-projection. (with) Der Rhein-Gletscher nach A. Favre. (with) Der Rhone Gletscher nach A. Falsan. (with) Seen-Gebiet in Nord-Amerika nach Chamberlin und Wright. (with) Die Europaischen Alpen. (with) Iseo-Gletscher nach Stroppani. (with) Der Loisach- und Inn-Gletscher n. Penck & Bayberger. (with) Die Sudlichen Alpen (Neu-Seeland) nach J. v. Haast. Entw. v. Herm. Berghaus 1884, Ausg. 1886. Gotha: Justus Perthes (1892)
List No
1578.005
Note
Lithographed map, color.
46-47. Europe, Physical. The World Atlas.
USSR (Union of Soviet S...
46-47. Europe, Physical...
1967
1603.058
Related
 
Author
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).
Full Title
46-47. Europe, Physical. The World Atlas.
List No
1603.058
10. Europa in geologischer Beziehung
Bromme, Traugott
10. Europa in geologisc...
1851
1615.015
Related
 
Author
Bromme, Traugott
Full Title
10. Europa in geologischer Beziehung. Entworfen von Tr. Bromme. Ausgefuhrt v. E. Winckelmann. Stuttgart. Verlag von Krais & Hoffman. (to accompany) Atlas zur Physik der Welt. (with second title page) Atlas zu Alex. v. Humboldt's Kosmos ... Bromme. (with inset cross section) Durchschnitt von Europa von west nach ost.
List No
1615.015
Note
Hand colored geological map of Europe. With cross section, text and legend.
22. Europa in physikalischer Beziehung
Bromme, Traugott
22. Europa in physikali...
1851
1615.027
Related
 
Author
Bromme, Traugott
Full Title
22. Europa in physikalischer Beziehung. Entworfen von Tr. Bromme. Ausgefuhrt v. E. Winckelmann. Stuttgart. Verlag von Krais & Hoffman. (to accompany) Atlas zur Physik der Welt. (with second title page) Atlas zu Alex. v. Humboldt's Kosmos ... Bromme.
List No
1615.027
Note
Outline color map. Includes legend, cross section and table. Relief shown by hachures.
Orograph. Europa.
Geographisches Institut...
Orograph. Europa.
1856
2077.004
Related
 
Author
[Geographisches Institut (Weimar, Germany), Weiland, Carl Ferdinand, 1782 -1847]
Full Title
Orographisch-hydrographische Karte von Europa, entworfen und gezeichnet von C.F. Weiland. C. Jungmann sc. Weimar, im Verlage des geographischen Instituts, 1856.
List No
2077.004
Note
Engraved map. Relief shown by hachures. Includes key to mountain peaks.
Europe - physical features & population.
Bartholomew, J. G. (Joh...
Europe - physical featu...
1922
2113.011
Related
 
Author
[Bartholomew, J. G. (John George), 1860-1920, John Bartholomew and Son]
Full Title
Europe - physical features & population. The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. "The Times" atlas. (London: The Times, 1922)
List No
2113.011
Note
Four col. maps. Contents: Orography -- Vegetation -- Ethnography -- Population.
Europa Fisica.
Instituto Geographico d...
Europa Fisica.
1952
2170.023
Related
 
Author
[Instituto Geographico di Agostini, Bayer, Herbert]
Full Title
Europa Fisica.
List No
2170.023
Note
Relief shown as combined hachures, shaded relief, and hypsometric tints; bathymetry also tinted.
Europa Politica.
Instituto Geographico d...
Europa Politica.
1952
2170.025
Related
 
Author
[Instituto Geographico di Agostini, Bayer, Herbert]
Full Title
Europa Politica.
List No
2170.025
Note
Relief shown as combined hachures, and shaded relief.
Physical Map Europe.
Sonnenschein, W. Swan; ...
Physical Map Europe.
1880
2490.008
Related
 
Author
[Sonnenschein, W. Swan, Allen, Bevan, G.P.]
Full Title
Physical Map Europe. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen's Plastic School Atlas.
List No
2490.008
Note
Raised relief.
Physical Map Europe.
Sonnenschein, W. Swan; ...
Physical Map Europe.
1880
2490.009
Related
 
Author
[Sonnenschein, W. Swan, Allen, Bevan, G.P.]
Full Title
Physical Map Europe. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen's Plastic School Atlas.
List No
2490.009
Note
Image rescanned with directional lighting to highlight raised relief.
Political Map of Europe.
Sonnenschein, W. Swan; ...
Political Map of Europe...
1880
2490.011
Related
 
Author
[Sonnenschein, W. Swan, Allen, Bevan, G.P.]
Full Title
Political Map of Europe. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen's Plastic School Atlas.
List No
2490.011
Note
No raised relief.
Relief Map of Europe.
Rand McNally and Compan...
Relief Map of Europe.
1912
2790.316
Related
 
Author
Rand McNally and Company
Full Title
Relief Map of Europe.
List No
2790.316
Carte physique de l'Europe : relief du sol
Drioux, Claude-Joseph; ...
Carte physique de l'Eur...
1886
3277.030
Related
 
Author
[Drioux, Claude-Joseph, Leroy, Charles]
Full Title
Carte physique de l'Europe : relief du sol. Par M.Mrs. Drioux et Ch. Leroy. Grave par F. Dufour ... Librairie Classique Eugene Belin Paris. (to accompany) Atlas Universel Et Classique De Geographie ...1886. (insets) Mont Kasbek ; Profile de europe.
List No
3277.030
Note
Color physical map of Europe. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. Depth shown by gradient tints and soundings. Includes table.
1-50 of 83
1 2